Wednesday 1 July 2015

What is actually poisson's ratio.. Read it u will learn something most important

Poisson's ratio is defined as the negative of the ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain for a uniaxial stress state. If a tensile load is applied to a material, the material will elongate on the axis of the load ﴾perpendicular to the tensile stress plane﴿,

Tensile deformation is considered positive and compressive deformation is considered negative. The definition of Poisson's ratio contains a minus sign so that normal materials have a positive ratio. Poisson's ratio, also called Poisson ratio or the Poisson coefficient, or coefficient de Poisson, is usually represented as a lower case Greek nu, n









Note: Poisson's Ratio has no units


Poisson's ratio is sometimes also reffered to as the ratio of the absolute values of lateral and axial strain. This ratio, like strain, is unit less since both strains are unit less.

For stresses within the elastic range, this ratio is approximately constant. For a perfectly isotropic elastic material, Poisson's Ratio is 0.25, but for most materials the value lies in the range of 0.28 to 0.33.

Generally for steels, Poisson's ratio will have a value of approximately 0.3. This means that if there is one inch per inch of deformation in the direction that stress is applied, there will be 0.3 inches per inch of deformation perpendicular to the direction that force is applied.


In other words poission ratio indicates the fraction by which a material is deformed by the action ocompressive  or tensile(elongating) force in one of its perpendicular direction...

the best example to understand its physical effect is when u stretch a rubber band,it increases its length and at the same time,its diameter decreases , amount of decrement is given by poisson's ratio wrt its elongation

Characteristic strength of concrete

Characteristic strength of concrete is one of the important properties of concrete which indeed unanimously by design engineeror any other person involved in the construction sector.
The compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days (fck)- as per Indian Standards (ACI standards use cylinder of diameter 150 mm and height 300 mm). The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.
This concept assumes a normal distribution of the strengths of the samples of concrete.
                               Normal Distribution curve on test specimens for determining compressive strength

Normal Distribution curve on test specimens for      determining compressive strength
The above sketch shows an idealized distribution of the values of compressive strength for a certain number of test specimens. The horizontal axis represents the values of compressive strength in MPa. The vertical axis represents the number of test samples for a
particular compressive strength. This is also termed as frequency.

The average of the values of compressive strength (mean strength) from the graph is 40 MPa. The characteristic strength (fck) is the value in the x-axis below which 5% of the total area under the curve falls. From the graph we can clearly say that 30 MPa is the characteristic strength of the given concrete mix. The value of fck is lower than fcm (40 MPa- mean strength) by 1.64σ, where σ is the standard deviation of the normal distribution.
So we can say the given concrete mix has a characteristic strength of 30 MPa or it is a M30 grade mix.
   M- Mix
* Note: For a 95% confidence level k=1.64 , hence k value varies on the confidence level of the experiment
Definition:
Characteristic strength of concrete is the strength of concrete specimens casted and tested as per given code of practice and cured for a period of 28 days; 95% of tested cubes should not have a value less than this value.

About piles

End Bearing Piles ::-

1:-In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock.
2:- The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer.
3:-In a sense, this pile acts like a column.
4:-The key principle is that the bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection of a weak and strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the weak layer and is safely transferred to the strong layer.


Friction Piles ::-

1:-Friction piles work on a different principle.
2:- The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the pile, by friction.
3:-In other words, the entire surface of the pile, which is cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil.



NOTE: In practice, however, each pile resists load by a combination of end bearing and friction

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